• concentrations

• pressure

• temperature

Topic 3: Acid-Base Equilibria

• Be able to identify Bronsted-Lowry acids and bases and their conjugates

• Be able to estimate the relative strengths of acids and bases

• Be able to calculate the pH / pOH of aqueous solutions of strong and weak acids and bases

  Here's a procedure for solving weak acid/base problems:

  

• Understand how buffers work, and be able to calculate pH / pOH of buffer solutions

• Here's a look at the hydronium ion structures displayed in class:

  

  You need to be using a Chime-enabled browser to view the structures.

Topic 4: Structure of Molecules and Solids

• Be able to predict the 3-D arrangement of ligands around a central atom (this is review)

• Be able to interpret and use some new methods of representing molecular structures:
  • condensed notation

  • line notation

  • line notation with stereo descriptors

  • ball and stick pictures, space-filling pictures, etc.

  Here's a page about building models - the representations of molecules that we use:

  

• Be able to identify the two major kinds of isomers:
  • structural isomers

  • stereoisomers

• Be able to describe how solids are assembled at the atomic and molecular level, including:
  • basic structural types: ionic, molecular, metallic, network

  • how the atoms or molecules fit together geometrically

  • the forces between the atoms and molecules

  Here are some of the images used in class in discussing solids:

  

Topic 5. Environmental Chemistry

• Be able to describe the general structure and composition of the earth's atmosphere

• Be able to describe and explain the atmospheric ozone cycle

• Be able to describe and explain how pollution affects the ozone cycle, and what the consequences might be at the earth's surface

• Understand and be able to describe the sources and behavior of other atmospheric pollutants:
  • SO₂ - acid rain

  • CO - directly poisonous to mammals

  • NO_x - smog

  • CO₂ - global warming (?)

• Be able to describe and explain a locally important environmental problem: mercury from HoltraChem

Topic 6. Materials Chemistry

• Be able to describe how "liquid" crystals differ from other molecular crystals

• Be able to describe the varying molecular order that distinguishes three kinds of liquid crystals

• Be able to connect molecular structure to the existence of liquid crystalline properties

  Review here how a liquid crystal display works:

  

• Know the meanings of the terms monomer and polymer, and the structural relationship between these species

• Be able to describe and write examples of the processes that form polymers

• Be able to explain how molecular structure determines polymer properties

• Be able to determine monomer structure by examining the structure of the polymer

  Here's a review of our classroom discussion of this topic:

  

Topic 7. Nuclear Chemistry

• Know what radioactivity is and be able to identify the principal types

• Be able to predict when nuclei will be unstable

• Be able to write mass- and charge-balanced equations for the major kinds of nuclear reactions

• Know how to accomplish transmutation

• Be able to apply the half-life concept to nuclear reactions

• Understand how radio-dating works and be able to to the calculations

• Be able to calculate the energy changes accompanying nuclear reactions

• Be able to describe how fission and fusion reactions produce energy, and how these reactions can be used to make bonbs or generate power

• Be able to describe how radiation produces biological effects, and know the sources of radiation to which you are routinely exposed.

Topic 8. Drugs - Accident and Design

• Be able to describe in a general way how drugs are discovered and approved for use

  Here is a review of the drug approval process:

  

• Be able to describe the "receptor site" model of drug action

• Be able to recognize similarities in the structures of related drugs

• Understand and be able to describe the activities of
  • painkillers

    Here's a review of aspirin and related painkillers:

    

    And here are the structure pictures for some of the morphine-related painkillers, both static images and Chime images. If you haven't installed the Chime program on your computer, look only at the static images.

    Morphine analogs (static)	Morphine analogs (Chime)
    Enkephalins (static)	Enkephalins (Chime)

  • contraceptive steroids

  • anabolic steroids

    Here are structures and descriptions of some of the steroids discussed in class. Remember, if you haven't installed Chime on your computer, look only at the static images.

    Steroids (static)

    Steroids (Chime)

• Be able to explain the similarities and differences between brand name and generic drugs