Biosynthesis of Sterols - VIII
The coupling of isoprene units by nucleophilic substituion reactions can be continued indefinitely, giving rise to very large molecules.
- A tree called Hevea brasiliensis is very good at this, producing a polymer called latex - natural rubber.
- Note the head-to-tail connections, as well as the stereochemistry
- All of the double bonds in geranyl and farnesyl phosphates, and squalene, are trans-
- Latex has all cis- double bonds. This stereochemistry results in a coiled structure for latex:
- The picture shows a tetramer, minimized with the MMX force field of PCModel
- The coiling is responsible for the elasticity of latex.
- A naturally occuring isomer of latex, called gutta percha, is all trans-; it is sufficiently hard and inelastic that it once was used to cover golf balls.
The conversion of squalene to sterols is carried out widely in nature. Here are a few examples:
| The amyrins are found in latex from Hevea and other trees |
Oleanic acid, as the acetate, is a constituent of birch bark |
 |
 |
| Ursolic acid is found in the natural wax on apples and other fruit |
Fusidic acid is an antibacterial synthesized by Fusidium coccinium |
 |
 |
It appears that all of the above sterols are produced from squalene itself, rather than the oxirane, by a cyclization initiated by an acidic group on the enzymes.
This page last modified 1:25 PM on Tuesday April 19th, 2011.
Webmaster, Department of Chemistry, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469